STUDY OUTLINE SERIES 



EARLY AMERICAN 
LITERATURE 



Prepared by 
ANNA LORRAINE GUTHRIE 



THE H. W. WILSON COMPANY 

WHITE PLAINS. N. Y„ and NEW YORK CITY 

1916 



The Study Outline and Its Use 

The series will include outlines on art, litera- 
ture, travel, biography, history and present day 
questions. 

The outlines vary in length. If more topics 
are given than the number of club meetings for 
the season, those topics that are more difficult 
to handle or on which there is less available 
material, may be dropped. If there are fewer 
topics than the scheduled meetings, certain topics 
may be divided. 

Lists of books are appended to most of the 
outlines. It would be well for the club to own 
some of the, . recommended books. Others can 
be obtained either from the local public library 
or from the state traveling library. When very 
full lists are given it is not necessary for any 
club to use all the books, but the longer list leaves 
more room for choice. 

The best material on some subjects may be 
found, not in books, but in magazines. These 
may be looked up under the subject in the 
Readers? Guide to.'Periodical Literature. Maga- 
zine articles and illustrated material may be ob- 
tained from the Wilson Package Library. For 
terms see fourth page of cover. 

A list of the study outlines now in print will be 
found on page three of this cover. For later 
additions to the list write to publisher. 



EARLY AMERICAN 
LITERATURE 



A STUDY OUTLINE 



PREPARED BY 
ANNA LORRAINE GUTHRIE 



THE H. W. WILSON COMPANY 

WHITE PLAINS, N. Y. f and NEW YORK CITY 

1916 



fc 









} 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE 

In this outline the points given for each paper are 
suggestions which embody the salient facts about the 
author. They may be treated as questions to be looked 
up by the whole club, they may be assigned to individuals, 
or they may be treated as a whole by one person. Each 
one who is responsible for a main topic is advised to use 
his own judgment in handling his subject and in bringing 
out other phases than those outlined. The Readings are 
also suggestions for which other selections may be sub- 
stituted. The Recommended Reading represents the gen- 
eral consensus of opinion of critics and writers as to the 
best work of the various authors. 

Quotations have been freely given in the hope that 
they may help to a better and more sympathetic under- 
standing of the author, and with the intent that each one 
may study and decide independently whether as estimates 
they are just and true. 

Sometimes special references are given under indi- 
vidual topics. It has not been the intention to make these 
take the place of the general references which it is well 
to study in every case. They have been given simply as a 
help to material bearing on a particular phase of the sub- 
ject. 

The bibliography has been limited to a few books and 
to the best articles in periodicals most easily procurable. 

If it is thought that too many histories of American 
literature are cited the critical comments in the Bib- 
liography will serve as an aid in selecting those most 
helpful. 



4 INTRODUCTORY NOTE 

Brownell's "American Prose Masters" will not be 
needed if Scribner's Magazine is available, as it is a re- 
print of the Scribner articles. 

Vedder's "American Writers of Today" is referred to 
for Parkman only. Pattee's "History of American Litera- 
ture since 1870" is useful for material on Thoreau. Ers- 
kine's "Leading American Novelists" contains chapters on 
Brockden Brown, Cooper and Hawthorne. Canby in his 
"Short Story in English" writes of Poe, Irving and Haw- 
thorne. These authorities will also be cited in the outline 
on "Contemporary American Literature." 

Biographies of each of the more prominent authors 
are cited, but if the clubs in the smaller places cannot pro- 
cure them from their libraries they may be dispensed with 
or other available lives substituted if they tend to make 
the book list too expensive for purchase. In selecting 
biographies preference has been given to the one volume 
life wherever possible. 

The texts cited for Recommended Reading are sug- 
gestions only. Any available text may be used. 

If but sixteen meetings are held the two meetings on 
Lowell may be combined into one. 



CONTENTS 

I. Colonial and Revolutionary Literature 

i. Colonial Literature 7 

2. Revolutionary Literature 8 

II. A Philosopher, a Novelist, and an Orator 

i. Benjamin Franklin io 

2. Charles Brockton Brown n 

3. Daniel Webster 12 

III. Washington Irving 

1. Irving the Man and Historian. ..... . 13 

2. Irving the Story Teller, Essayist and 

Humorist 13 

IV. James Fenimore Cooper 

1. Cooper the Man and Author 15 

2. The Leather-Stocking Tales and the 

Sea Tales 15 

V. William Cullen Bryant 

1. Bryant the Man and Prose Writer. . . 18 

2. Bryant the Poet 18 

VI. Edgar Allan Poe 

1. Poe the Man and Critic 21 

2. Poe the Poet 21 

3. Poe the Teller of Tales 22 

VII. Nathaniel Hawthorne 

1. Hawthorne the Man 25 

2. The Scarlet Letter 25 

VIII. Nathaniel Hawthorne (Continued) 

1. The House of Seven Gables; The 

Marble Faun 28 

2. Short Stories and Juvenile Writings. 28 



6 CONTENTS 

IX. Ralph Waldo Emerson 

i. Emerson the Man 29 

2. Emerson the Poet 29 

X. Ralph Waldo Emerson (Continued) 

1. Emerson the Essayist 32 

2. Emerson the Philosopher 32 

XL John Greenleaf Whittier 

1. Whittier the Man 33 

2. Whittier the Poet 33 

XII. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 

1. Longfellow the Man and His Work. . 36 

2. Longfellow the Poet of American His- 

tory 36 

XIII. Oliver Wendell Holmes 

1. Holmes the Man and Poet 39 

2. Holmes the Prose Writer 39 

XIV. Henry David Thoreau 

1 . Thoreau the Man 42 

2. Thoreau the Writer and Naturalist ... 42 

XV. James Russell Lowell 

1. Lowell the Man 44 

2. Lowell the Essayist and Critic 44 

XVI. James Russell Lowell (Continued) 

1. Lowell the Poet 47 

2. Lowell the Humorist and Poet of 

Freedom 47 

XVII. Historians 

1. Francis Parkman 48 

2. John Lothrop Motley 49 

3. William Hickling Prescott 50 

Bibliography 52 

Recommended Texts 57 



STUDY OUTLINE ON 
EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 



Colonial and Revolutionary Literature 

Our literature even in its humble beginnings, contains 
a lesson that no American can afford to miss. Unless we 
know its ideals and moral aims and are swayed by them, 
we cannot keep our heritage. — Reuben Post Halleck. 

i. Colonial literature. 

The writings of our colonial era have a much 
greater importance as history than as literature. . . . 
Those, "stern men with empires in their brains" had 
more pressing work to do than the making of books. — 
Henry A. Beers. 

a General character of the colonial prose. 

b Cotton Mather and his writings. 

c Jonathan Edwards and his work. 

d Colonial poetry. 

e Anne Bradstreet. 

/ Readings to illustrate the character of the literature. 

Recommended Reading 

Bradstreet, Anne. Contemplations. In Bronson. American 
poems, p. 10-17. 

Her best known and most attractive poem. — William E. 
Simonds. 
Edwards, Jonathan. Nature and holiness. In Carpenter. Ameri- 
can prose selections, p. 16-18. 

An almost poetic exposition of divine love. — Reuben Post 
Halleck. 
Mather, Cotton. Magnalia Christi. In Carpenter. American 
prose selections, p. 4-12 (extracts). 

"That quaint Magnalia Christi, with all strange and mar- 
velous things, 
Heaped up huge and undigested, like the chaos Ovid 
sings." 



8 . STUDY OUTLINE ON 

References 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 1-64. 
Long. American literature, p. 1-85. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 1-52. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 1, p. 63-153 ; v. 2, p. 1-9. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 1-52. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 1-122. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 26-55. 

Harper's Magazine. 105 : 232-5. July '02. Beginnings of American 
literature. George E. Woodberry. 

Independent. 54:2453-60. Oct. 16, '02. Origins of Hawthorne 
and Poe. Paul Elmer More. 

New England Magazine, n. s. 28 : 100-7. Mar. '03. New Eng- 
land in colonial literature. Montgomery P. Sellers. 

Reader. 4 : 589-95. Oct. '04. American literature. Will D. Howe. 

2. Revolutionary literature. 

In revolutionary literature there is no isolation, but 
rather a splendid sense of comradeship, strong and 
loyal. . . . The center of interest shifts from heaven 
to earth; theology gives way to politics. — William J. 
Long. 

a Character of the revolutionary literature. 
b The orators and their influence on the Revolution. 
c The essayists and their work. 
d Poetry of the revolutionary period. 
e Reading: The "Declaration of independence" (ex- 
tract). 

Recommended Reading 

Freneau, Philip. The wild honeysuckle. 
In Bronson. American poems, p. 148-9. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 8-9. 

Pattee. History of American literature, p. 100. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 4. 

"The wild honeysuckle" is the high-water mark of Ameri- 
can poetry of the eighteenth century, in delicacy of feeling and 
felicity of expression being at least the equal of Bryant's "To 
the fringed gentian." — Walter C. Bronson. 
Jefferson, Thomas. The Declaration of independence. In Car- 
penter. American prose selections, p. 79-83. 

"An Anglo-Saxon battle song." 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 9 

Read several times until the very atmosphere or spirit of 
those days comes to the reader. — Reuben Post Halleck. 

In its way the "Declaration" is a literary masterpiece, be- 
cause, in spite of its fallacies and its exaggerations, it is alive 
with emotion. . . . No other epoch can show a document 
which has more adequately fulfilled the purpose for which it 
was composed or which more unerringly appeals to the finest 
of all human instincts — the instinct of freedom. — William P. 
Trent. 
Paine, Thomas. Government and freedom. In Carpenter. Ameri- 
can prose selections, p. 66-8. 

Some have said that the pen of Thomas Paine was worth 
more to the cause of liberty than twenty-thousand men. — 
Reuben Post Halleck. 
Trumbull, John. M'Fingal. In Bronson. American poems, p. 
95-105 (extract). 

His masterpiece was a satire on British sympathizers. He 
called this poem M'Fingal, after a Scotch Tory. It has been 
said that the poem "is to be considered one of the forces of 
the Revolution, because as a satire on the Tories it penetrated 
into every farmhouse, and sent the rustic volunteers laughing 
into the ranks of Washington and Greene." — Reuben Post 
Halleck. 

References 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 65-106. 
Long. American literature, p. 86-168. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 62-102. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 1, p. 176-206; v. 2, p. 9-16. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 65-86. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 131-86. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 104-36. 

Harper's Magazine. 105 : 235-8. July '02. Beginnings of American 

literature. George E. Woodberry. 
North American Review. 178:93-6 Jan. '04. Poetry and poets 

of America. John Churton Collins. 
Reader. 4:715-20. Nov. '04. American literature, 1765-1809. 

Will D. Howe. 



10 , STUDY OUTLINE ON 

II 

A Philosopher, a Novelist, and an Orator 

i. Benjamin Franklin, 1706- 1790. 

As an embodiment of practical learning, shrewd 
mother-wit, honesty and patriotism, he is a typical and 
unapproachable product of what his countrymen are 
pleased to call "true Americanism." . . . He is, per- 
haps, the most complete representative of his century 
that any nation can point to. — William P. Trent, 
a His boyhood and education. 
b His career, private and public. 
c His versatility. 
d His "Autobiography." 

e "Poor Richard's almanac" with reading of selec- 
Re commended Reading 

Autobiography. In Carpenter. American prose selections. 31-6 
(extract). 

The "Autobiography" is one of the most interesting books 
ever written, holding the attention by the triple cord of its 
limpid, racy style, magnificent common-sense, and self-revela- 
tion of a great man. — Walter C. Bronson. 
Poor Richard's almanac. 

In Carpenter. American prose selections, p. 36-43 (extract). 
New England Magazine, n. s. 33:554-61. Feb. '06. Poor 
Richard's sayings, by Benjamin Franklin, with illustra- 
tions from the original. 
In "Poor Richard's almanack" he summed up wisely, and 
he set forth sharply, the rules of conduct on which Americans 
have trained themselves now for a century and a half. — 
Brander Matthews. 

References 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 76-83. 
Long. American literature, p. 99-1 11. 
McMaster. Benjamin Franklin. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 53-61. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 1, p. 154-76. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 52-65. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 122-30. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 92-103. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE II 

Arena. 8:477-91. Sept. '93. Study of Benjamin Franklin. E. P. 
Powell. 

Arena. 39:240-9. Feb. '08. Life and writings of Benjamin Frank- 
lin. B. 0. Flower. 

Atlantic. 96 : 450-62. Oct. '05. Fame of Franklin. William Mac- 
donald. 

Century. 71 : 447-58. Jan. '06. Franklin in France. John Hay. 

Critic. 48:51-63. Jan. '06. Benjamin Franklin. Joseph H. 
Choate. 

Critic. 48:561-6. June '06. Smoky torches in Franklin's honor. 
Richard Meade Bache. 

Forum. 37 : 398-410. Jan. '06. New editions of Franklin. Wil- 
liam P. Trent. 

Independent. 60:69-108. Jan. 11, '06. Franklin bicentenary. 

McClure's Magazine. 8:273-7. Jan. '97. Benjamin Franklin. 
William P. Trent. 

Westminster Review. 168:637-45. Dec. '07. Benjamin Franklin. 
Hutcheson M. Posnett. 

2. Charles Brockden Brown, 1771-1810. 

They [Brown's novels] are the historical begin- 
ning of all imaginative prose literature in America ; 
and it is impossible to understand its development 
without having read them. — Thomas WentwortH Hig- 
ginson. 

a His life. 

b His novels. 

c His style. 

d His place in American literature. 

Recommended Reading 

Selections as given in Carpenter. American prose selections, p. 
89-97. 

References 

Carpenter. American prose selections, p. 84-8. 
Erskine. Leading American novelists, p. 3-49. 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 85-92. 
Long. American literature, p. 154-61. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 101-5. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 282-9. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 86-9. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 206-11. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 157-68. 



12 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

Atlantic. 61 : 710-14. May '88. Charles Brockden Brown. 
Fortnightly Review. 30:399-421. Sept. '78. Brockden Brown. 

George Barnett Smith. 
Nation. 100:46-7. Jan. 14, '15. Minor tales of Brockden Brown. 

Carl Van Doren. 

3. Daniel Webster, 1782- 1852. 

He was not only the greatest orator this country 
has ever known, but in the history of eloquence his 
name will stand with those of Demosthenes and Cic- 
ero, of Chatham and Burke. — Henry Cabot Lodge. 

The masterpieces of Webster, with their strength 
of thought, their marvelous keenness and clearness of 
argument, their command of language, and their 
strains of a sonorous and splendid rhetoric, have 
passed into our literature. — Henry S. Pancoast. 

a His life and political career. 
b His orations. 
c His style. 
d Reading : a selection from his "Reply to Hayne." 

•Recommended Reading 
Selections as given in Carpenter. American prose selections, 
p. 105-18. 

References 
Carpenter. American prose selections, p. 101-4. 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 174-7. 
Long. American literature, p. 256-8. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 184-8. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 1, p. 222-7. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 572-7. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 248-53. 

Atlantic. 88:600-14. Nov. '01. Daniel Webster. S. W. McCall. 
Century. 61 : 103-9. Nov. '00. Thirty years of preparation. John 

Bach McMaster. 
Century. 61:763-76; 62:228-46, 719-41. Mar., June, Sept. '01. 

Daniel Webster. John Bach McMaster. 
Harper's Magazine. 95 : 952-9. Nov. '97. Daniel Webster. Carl 

Schurz. 
Scribner's Magazine. 37:578-86. May '05. Webster and Calhoun 

in the compromise debate of 1850. George P. Fisher. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 13 

III 

Washington Irving, 1783-1859 

Most readers welcome Irving for his cheerfulness, as 
they zvelcome the sunshine. . . . He is a cheerful com- 
rade, whose message is that zve live in a good world. — 
William J. Long. 

i. Irving the Man and Historian. 

a His ancestry, boyhood and education. 

b His life career. 

c His character. 

d His historical works and their value. 

2. Irving the Story Teller, Essayist and Humorist. 
a Irving the short story writer. 
b His style. 
c His subject matter. 
d "Rip Van Winkle" with a selection illustrating what 

W. C. Bronson says of it. 
e "The legend of Sleepy Hollow" with a selection to 

illustrate Irving's style. 
/ Irving the essayist. 
g "The Alhambra." 

h "Knickerbocker's History of New York" with a se- 
lection to illustrate Irving's humor. 
i His humor. 
j His place in literature. 

Recommended Reading 

Knickerbocker's History of New York (Books III, IV, V, VI, 
VII). In Carpenter. American prose selections, p. 124-30. 
(extract from Bk. Ill, Ch. I.— Wouter Van Twiller). 

Of all the mock-heroic works . . . the gayest, the airiest and 
the least tiresome. — William Cullen Bryant. 
The legend of Sleepy Hollow. In Trent and Hennemann. Best 
American tales, p. 35-82. 

"Rip Van Winkle" and "The legend of Sleepy Hollow" 
were not equaled by Addison, and they have not been sur- 



jm STUDY OUTLINE ON 

passed by any English writers of the 19th century.— Reuben 
Post Halleck. 

^/Jcarpenter 6 ' American prose selections, p. 130-4 (extract). 
Trent and Hennemann. Best American tales, p. 7S\ 
"Rip Van Winkle" is a masterpiece; the dreamy beauty ot 
the Catskills, a poetic old legend the quaintness of old Dutch 
life and the bustle of small politics under a republic are all 
combined and harmonized with wonderful skill ; and there is 
no finer character sketch in our literature than the lovable old 
vagabond, Rip, as he goes slouching through the village, his 
amis full of children, a troop of dogs at his heels, and the 
shrill pursuing voice of Dame Winkle dying away in the dis- 
tance.— Walter C. Bronson. 

References 
Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 12-41. 
Canby. Short story in English, p. 218-24. 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 112-24. 
Long. American literature, p. 179-93- 
Macy. Spirit of American literature, p. 18-34. 
Pattee History of American literature, p. 112-27. 
Richardson. American Literature, v. i, p. 258-80; v. 2, p. 289-92. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 104-19. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 220-33. 
Vincent. American literary masters, p. 3-32. 
Warner. Washington Irving. 

Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 169-80. 
Atlantic. 45:396-408. Mar. '80. Washington Irving. Charles 

Dudley Warner. 
Critic 3': 137-45. Mar. 31, '83 (Irving centenary number). 
Harper's Magazine. 105:677-83. Oct. '02. Knickerbocker era of 

American letters. George E. Woodberry. 
Living Age. 195 : 791-805. Dec. 24, '92. Washington Irving. 
Outlook. 72:820-9. Dec. 6, '02. Washington Irving country. 

Hamilton W. Mabie. 
Reader. 5 : 122-4. Dec. '04. Washington Irving. Edward Everett 

Hale , jr. , „ . . 

St. Nicholas. 40:583-91. May '13. Sunny master of Sunnyside. 
Ariadne Gilbert. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 15 

IV 

James Fennimore Cooper, 1789-185 i 

He wrote for mankind at large ; hence it is that he 
has earned a fame wider tiian any author of modern 
times. The creations of his genius shall survive through 
centuries to come, and perish only with our language. — 
William Cullen Bryant. 

i. Cooper the Man and Author. 

a His early life and education. 

b His later life. 

c His character and the effect of his disposition and 
controversies on his work. 

d Brief summary of his writings other than the 
Leather-Stocking and sea tales. 

e His style and its defects. 

/ His popularity. 

g Estimate of Cooper as a man of letters. 

2. The Leather-Stocking Tales and the Sea Tales. 

a Facts of Cooper's life that especially fitted him to 
produce these tales. 

b His descriptive powers. 

c His character painting. 

d His Indians. 

e His women. 

f Comparison of Scott and Cooper. 

g The Leather-Stocking tales. 

h The sea tales. 

i Reading: Selection from "The last of the Mohi- 
cans" or from "The pilot." 
Chautauquan. 31 : 287-92. June '00. Cooper's "Last of the 
Mohicans." Fred Lewis Pattee 



1 6 STUDY OUTLINE ON 



Recommended Reading 

The last of the Mohicans. 

In Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 56-65 (extract — 
Running the gauntlet). 

Carpenter. American prose selections, p. 153-61 (extract — 
Hawkeye and his friends). 

The Leather Stocking tales are the prose Iliad and Odyssey 
of the eighteenth-century pioneer. — Reuben Post Halleck. 

The world he describes is the frontier, and the plot in- 
volves a chase, with one moment of horror. . . . Through his 
pages our gaunt pine forests, our charmed lakes, and our 
mysterious prairies were added once for all to the geography 
of the human imagination ; in his stories a romantic and a 
fast dying race were rescued to the remembrance of every 
reading nation, so that through him boyhood the world over 
"plays Indian" ; he created the most typical figure in the novel 
of his age, the frontiersman. . . . Leatherstocking is one of 
the most heroic figures in the world's fiction — one of its prize 
men. — John Erskine. 

The pilot. In Carpenter. American prose selections, p 162-71 
(extract — The Ariel and the Alacrity). 

"Probably the best sea story yet written by an American." 
No writer has ever rivaled him in his wonderful pictures 
of swift vessels riding before the wind, chasing each other, 
sinking each other in mad contests in the midst of the tem- 
pest or dancing on the summer waves. His ships are drawn 
with the accuracy of a Flemish artist. — Eugene Lawrence. 

References 

Brownell. American prose masters, p. 3-60 (Same. Scribner's 

Mag. 39 : 455-68. Apr. '06) . 
Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 42-65. 
Erskine. Leading American novelists, p. 50-129. 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 125-34. 
Long. American literature, p. 207-24. 
Lounsbury. James Fenimore Cooper. 
Macy. Spirit of American literature, p. 35-44. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 135-47. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 297-329. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 119-28. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 234-49. 
Vincent. American literary masters, p. 65-97. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 181-91. 

Atlantic. 100:329-41. Sept. '07. Fenimore Cooper. Brander Mat- 
thews. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 17 

Harper's Magazine. 105 : 677-83. Oct. '02. Knickerbocker era of 

American letters. George E. Woodberry. 
North American Review. 161 : 1-12. July '95. Fenimore Cooper's 

literary offenses. Mark Twain. 
Outlook. 69: 1037-9. Dec. 21, '01. Fenimore Cooper to-day. 
Outlook. 86:807-8. Aug. 17, '07. First American teller of tales. 
Reader. 5 : 127-9. Dec. '04. James Fenimore Cooper. William E. 

Simonds. 
Scribner's Magazine. 39 : 455-68. Apr. '06. Cooper. W. C. 

Brownell. 



l8 STUDY OUTLINE ON 



William Cullen Bryant, 1794- 1878 

Eternity was always in the same room with him. — 
George E. Woodberry. 

Bryant's writings transport us into the depths of the 
solemn primeval forest; to the shores of the lonely lake; 
to the banks of the wild nameless stream; or the brow of 
the rocky upland rising like a promontory from amidst a 
ivide ocean of foliage. — Washington Irving. 



i. Bryant the Man and Prose Writer. 
a His early life and education. 
b His later life. 
c His character. 
d His journalistic work. 

2. Bryant the Poet. 

a The range of his poetry. 

b His style. 

c His right to be called "the high priest of nature" and 
"the American Wordsworth." 

d Bryant as a translator of Homer. 

e "Thanatopsis." 

/ "To a waterfowl." 

g Readings: "The fringed gentian"; "Thanatopsis"; 
"To a waterfowl." 

Bigelow. William Cullen Bryant, p. 117-75. 

Harper's Magazine. 89 : 630-5. Sept. '94. Origin of a great 
poem. J. White Chadwick. 

Nation. 101 : 432-3. Oct. 7, '15. Growth of "Thanatopsis." 
Carl Van Doren. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 19 

Recommended Reading 

A forest hymn. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 192-5. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 55-6. 

Bryant's sense of the presence of God in nature is as im- 
mediate and real as Wordsworth's. — Walter C. Bronson. 

Robert of Lincoln. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 205-7. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 179-80. 
A rollicking bird song. — William E. Simonds. 

Thanatopsis. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 179-81. 

Burton. American literary leaders, p. 167-70. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 53-4. 

Bryant's most famous production. . . . The blank verse of 
his "Thanatopsis" has not been surpassed since Milton. — Reu- 
ben Post Halleck. 

To a waterfowl. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 183-4. 

Burton. American literary leaders, p. 171-2. 
Stedman. American anthology, p. 54. 
The best short poem in the English language. — Hartley 
Coleridge. 

To the fringed gentian. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 200. 

Burton. American literary leaders, p. 178. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 59. 

His little blue gentian has the atmosphere of the whole 
sky. — George E. Woodberry. 

References 

Bigelow. William Cullen Bryant. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 164-82. 

Halleck. History of American literature, p. 135-45. 

Long. American literature, p. 194-206. 

Pattee. History of American literature, p. 155-62. 

Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 35-49. 

Simonds. History of American literature, p. 128-47. 

Stedman. Poets of America, p. 62-94. 

Trent. History of American literature, p. 257-69. 

Vincent. American literary masters, p. 35-62. 

Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 192-203. 



20 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

Craftsman. 20:372-8. July '11. William Cullen Bryant, poet and 
journalist. Elizabeth A. Semple. 

Harper's Magazine. 105 : 677-83. Oct. '02. Knickerbocker era of 
American letters. George E. Woodberry. 

Lippincott's. 66 : 765-72. Nov. 'oo. In the footsteps of Bryant. 
Theodore F. Wolfe. 

North American Review. 178:98-102. Jan. '04. Poetry and poets 
of America. John Churton Collins. 

Reader. 5 : 124-7. Dec. '04. William Cullen Bryant. Albert E. 
Jack. 

Review of Reviews. 10:401-6. Oct. '94. Bryant's centennial. Wil- 
liam R. Thayer. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 21 

VI 

Edgar Allan Poe, 1809- 1849 

In the eyes of foreigners he is the most gifted of all 
the authors of America. — Brander Matthews. 

Read his work in the light of his personality and life. 
— Richard Burton. 

i. Poe the Man and Critic. 

a His boyhood and education. 

b His life career. 

c His character. 

d Relation between his personality and his work. 

e Poe as a critic. 

Dial. 34: 1 1 1-2. Feb. 16, '03. Poe's place as a critic. Charles 

L. Moore. 
Putnam's Magazine. 5 : 438-40. Jan. '09. Poe as a critic. 
Sherwin Cody. 

2. Poe the Poet. 

In his own domain he was a conscious monarch. — 
Charles F. Richardson. 

a Poe's theory of poetry and its bearing on his verse. 

b His masterpieces with comments. 

c His rank as a poet. 

d Readings : "Israfel" ; "To Helen." 
Brownell, Burton, Halleck, Long, Richardson, and Sted- 

man as cited under References are especially good on 

Poe as a poet. 
Arena. 32:170-5. Aug. '04. Poetry of Poe. Edwin Mark- 
ham. 
Arena. 37 : 281-5. Mar. '07. Some aspects of Poe's poetry. 

H. Holland Carter. 
Chautauquan. 31 : 182-6. May '00. Poe's "Ulalume." Fred 

Lewis Pattee. 
Education. 20 : 566-70. May '00. Poe and "The raven." 

Delia Courson. 
Lippincott's. 83:74-81. Jan. '09. Poe. George L. Knapp. 
Living Age. 260 : 500-4. Feb. 20, '09. Edgar Allan Poe. 
Outlook. 91 : 955-8. Apr. 24, '09. "To Helen" and "Israfel," 

with introduction by Hamilton W. Mabie. 
Reader. 5:487-90. Mar. '05. Poe. E. E. Hale, jr. 



22 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

3. Poe the Teller of Tales. 

Effectiveness is the chief quality of his style ; and 
it is this effectiveness, this almost perfect accomplish- 
ment of what he aims to do, that leads critics to rate 
Poe as a master of the short story. — W . J. Long. 

a Poe and the short story. 

b His subject matter. 

c His style. 

d His notable stories with comment. 

e Reading: "The gold bug" (extract), or, "The fall 
waterfowl. 

Burton, Halleck, Long, and Richardson as cited under Ref- 
erences are good on Poe as a short story writer. 

Reader. 6: 347-52. Aug. '05. Beginning of the short story in 
America. Robert Morss Lovell. 

Scribner's Magazine. 42 : 287-93. Sept. '07. Poe and the 
detective story. Brander Matthews. 

Recommended Reading 

The fall of the house of Usher. In Trent and Hennemann. Best 
American tales, p. 255-83. 

Considered not as an ordinary story but as an impression, 
the "House of Usher" is a remarkable piece of literary work. 
... It is one of the best examples of the so-called story of 
atmosphere to be found in English or any other language. — 
William J. Long. 

The gold bug. In Trent and Hennemann. Best American tales, 
p. 167-222. 

In "The gold bug" analytic reason is so brilliantly em- 
ployed that Poe has been called the "potential prince of de- 
tectives." — Walter C. Bronson. 

Annabel Lee. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 228-9. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 77-8. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 106-7. 
Stedman. American anthology, p. 151. 
"The most famous" of his poems. 

The bells. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 225-8. 
Stedman. American anthology, p. 150-1. 
A linguistic marvel that has never been equaled by any 
poet using the English tongue. — Richard Burton. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 23 

The city in the sea. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 213-4. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 85-6. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 147-8. 

Few greater poems of mood and picture can be named in 
all literature. ... It is full of color and music and that pe- 
numbra of suggestion that is in all good poetry. — Richard 
Burton. 
The haunted palace. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 217-8. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 86-8. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 149. 

Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 214-6. 

Symbolism is used superbly in ''The haunted palace." . . . 
In it also occur snatches of that magical melody to which Poe, 
alone of American poets, has ever attained. — Walter C. Bron- 
son. 
Israfel. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 212-3. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 88-90. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 148. 

Poe wrote nothing more ethereal, more vibrant, more in- 
evitable in form than "Israfel." — William P. Trent. 
The raven. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 219-22. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 144-6. 

A masterpiece of music and suggestion. — Richard Burton. 
To Helen. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 21 1-2. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 73-4. 

Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 103-4. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 144. 

The most perfect of all his poems. — Charles F Richardson. 
To one in paradise. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 216-7. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 74-5. 

Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 104-5. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 147. 

The magic of Poe's metrical handling is especially illus- 
trated in the closing stanza : . . . one never gets it out of the 
ear and soul when once it enters. — Richard Burton. 
Ulalume 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 223-5. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 82-5. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 151-2. 

Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 213 (extract). 

A sort of revel of rhyme, with sound substituted for 
sense, ... it is wonderfully smooth flowing and swift flow- 
ing. ... It seems as if his one peerless gift for word and 
sound carried him off his feet. — Richard Burton. 



24 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

References 
Brownell. American prose masters, p. 207-67 (Same. Scrib- 

ner's Magazine. 45:69-84. Jan. '09). 
Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 66-98. 
'Halleck. History of American literature, p. 293-306. 
Long. American literature, p. 224-43. 
Macy. Spirit of American literature, p. 123-54. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 172-82. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 1, p. 402-9; v. 2, p. 97-136. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 200-16. 
Stedman. Poets of America, p. 225-72. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 366-83. 
Vincent. American literary masters, p. 189-218. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 204-18. 
Woodberry. Edgar Allan Poe. 

Atlantic. 102 : 835-43. Dec. '08. Fame of Poe. John Macy. 
Century. 81 : 271-5. Dec. '10. Poe's cosmopolitan fame. Brander 

Matthews. 
Contemporary Review. 95: sup. 1-8. Feb. '09. Centenary of Poe. 

Edmund Gosse. 
Critic. 41 : 138-47. Aug. '02. Poe, world author. Charles F. 

Richardson. 
Current Literature. 49 : 672-4. Dec. 'io. New analysis of Poe's 

greatness. 
Edinburgh Review. 211:207-26. Jan. '10. Edgar Allan Poe. 
Forum. 31 : 501-10. June '01. Poe fifty years after. Edwin W. 

Bowen. 
Nineteenth Century. 65 : 140-52. Jan. '09. Centenary of Poe. 

Lewis Melville. 
Review of Reviews. 39 : 225-7. Feb. '09. Twentieth-century esti- 
mates of Poe. 
Scribner's Magazine. 45 : 69-84. Jan. '09. Poe. W. C. Brownell. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 2$ 

VII 

Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1804-1864 

The greatest imaginative genius since Shakespeare. — 
James Russell Lowell. 

He studied minutely, and portrayed with delicate 
faithfulness, the smallest flower beneath his foot, the 
faintest bird in the distant sky, the trivial mark or the 
seemingly unimportant act of the person described. . . . 
The human heart was Hawthorne's highest and most con- 
stant theme. . . . He saw and described its innocence, its 
purity, its loveliness, its noble hopes, its truest triumphs, 
its temptations, its sinful tendencies, its desperate strug- 
gles, its downivard motions, its malignity, its ''total de- 
pravity^ at least in appearance, its final petrifaction and 
self destruction — the only destruction of which, in the 
divine plan, it is capable. — Charles F. Richardson. 

1. Hawthorne the Man. 

a Ancestry and early life. 
b Later life. 

c His foreign residence and its influence on his writ- 
ings. 
d His character. 
e Effect of his isolation on his work. 

2. The Scarlet Letter. 

a Comment and estimate. 

b Hawthorne's portrayal of the human heart — "his 
most constant theme" — and the effects of crime 
on it. 
c Hawthorne as the novelist of Puritanism. 
d His peculiar genius. 

e Reading: Selection from "The scarlet letter." 
Erskine. Leading American novelists, p. 224-52. 
Woodberry. Nathaniel Hawthorne, p. 159-205. 

Atlantic. 57:471-85. Apr. '86. Problems of "The scarlet 
letter." Julian Hawthorne. 

Atlantic. 88: 588-99. Nov. '01. Solitude of Nathaniel Haw- 
thorne. Paul Elmer More. 



26 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

Atlantic. 93 : 521-35. Apr. '04. Notes on "The scarlet letter." 
Theodore T. Munger. 

Bookman. 26: 398-403. Dec. '07. Old Salem and "The scar- 
let letter." Lucy L. Cable. 

Critic. 45 : 60-66. Jl. '04 ; Same. Fortnightly Review. 82 : 
260-9. Aug. '04. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Francis Gribble. 

Scribner's Magazine. 43 : 83-4. Jan. '08. Hawthorne. 
W. C. Brownell. 

Recommended Reading 

The great stone face. In Trent and Hennemann. Best American 
tales, p. 85-115. 

"One of his great tales." 

His power in impressing allegorical or symbolic truth may 
be seen in "The great stone face." — Reuben Post Halleck. 

The house of seven gables. 

The most valuable contribution to New England history 
that has yet been made. — James Russell Lowell. 
The marble faun. 

The development of character, before and after crime, un- 
der varying conditions and in the face of steadily increasing 
temptations, forms the central theme. — Charles F. Richardson. 
The scarlet letter. In Carpenter. American prose selections, p. 
235-43 (extract). 

One cannot easily find outside of ^.schylus, words of 
brooding so profound and single-hearted as on this solemn 
subject, . . . the effects of crime on the human heart. — Paul 
Elmer More. 
The snow image. In Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 
124-34. 

A little masterpiece. — Henry James. 

Such complete interweaving of the imaginative and the 
realistic is little short of marvelous. — Leon H. Vincent. 

References 

Brownell. American prose masters, p. 63-130 (Same. Scribner's 

Magazine. 43: 69-84. Jan. '08). 
Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 99-134. 
Canby. Short story in English, p. 246-63. 
Erskine. Leading American novelists, p. 179-273. 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 204-21. 
Long. American literature, p. 391-407. 
Macy. Spirit of American literature, p. 77-96. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 240-56. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 330-89. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 183-200. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 2J 

Trent. History of American literature, p. 350-66. 
Vincent. American literary masters, p. 287-317. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 425-35. 
Woodberry. Nathaniel Hawthorne. 

Atlantic. 88:583-99. Nov. '01. Solitude of Nathaniel Hawthorne 
Paul Elmer More. 

Atlantic. 94:195-206. Aug. '04. Centenary of Hawthorne. Bliss 
Perry. 

Century. 32 : 83-93. May '86. Hawthorne's philosophy. Julian 
Hawthorne. 

Century. 68 : 482-3. July '04. Centenary of Hawthorne. Theo- 
dore T. Munger. 

Critic. 45 : 21-73. July '°4- (A Hawthorne number.) 

Edinburgh Review. 203:210-35. Jan. '06. Same. Living Age. 
249 : 458-76. May 26, '06. Nathaniel Hawthorne, man and au- 
thor. 

Fortnightly Review. 82 : 260-9. Aug. '04 ; Same. Critic. 45 : 60-66. 
July '04. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Francis Gribble. 

Harper's Magazine. 106 : 428-9. Feb. '03. Literary age of Boston. 
George E. Woodberry. 

Living Age. 231 : 720-4. Dec. 14, '01. Nathaniel Hawthorne's 
place in literature. D. F. Hannigan. 

North American Review. 179:13-23. July '04. Nathaniel Haw- 
thorne. Hamilton W. Mabie. 

Outlook. J7 : 483-5. July 2, '04. Hawthorne centenary. 

Scribner's Magazine. 43 : 69-84. Jan. '08. Hawthorne. W. C. 
Brownell. 



2 g STUDY OUTLINE ON 

VIII 

Nathaniel Hawthorne (Continued) 

i. The House of Seven Gables ; The Marble Faun. 

a Discuss the theme, the plot, the moral of "The 

house of seven gables." 
b Hawthorne's portrayal of New England life. 
c Review 'The marble faun" with especial reference 

to it as "a romance of penitential despair." 
d Hawthorne's place in literature. 

Erskine. Leading American novelists, p. 254-65. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 375-83- 
Vincent. American literary masters, p. 305-14- 
Woodberry. Nathaniel Hawthorne, p. 209-20, 264-78. 
Atlantic. 22: 359-74- Sept. '68. Genius of Hawthorne. E. P. 

Peabody. 
Chautauquan. 30:522-6. Feb. '00. The marble faun. Al- 
bert H. Smyth. 
Critic. 45 : 56-60. July '04. Hawthorne's use of his mate- 
rials. C. Townsend Copeland. 

2. Short Stories and Juvenile Writings. 
a Hawthorne as a short story writer. 
b His best short stories with comment. 
c Hawthorne as a juvenile author. 
d Reading: "The great stone face"; or, "The snow 

image." 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 251-3. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 346-58. 
Chautauquan. 31 : 75-9- Apr. '00. The great stone face. 

Albert H. Smyth. jm . 

Outlook. 86: 095-705. July 27, '07. ''Ethan Brand ; with an 

introduction by Hamilton W. Mabie. 
Reader. 6: 3 47"52. Aug. '05. Beginning of the short story 

in America. Robert M. Lovett. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 2Q 

IX . 

Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1803- 1882 

Emerson remains among the most persuasive and in- 
spiring of those who by word and example rebuke our 
despondency, purify our sight, awaken us from the dead- 
ening slumbers of convention and conformity, exorcise 
the pestering imps of vanity and lift men up from low 
thoughts and sullen moods of helplessness and impiety. — 
John Morley. 

1. Emerson the Man. 

a His ancestry and education. 

b His life career. 

c His connection with transcendentalism. 

d His personality. 

e Estimate of his work. 

Arena. 30 : 359-76. Oct. '03. Emerson the man. R. Heber 

Newton. 
New England Magazine, n. s. 28 : 264-80. May '03. Emerson 

and transcendentalism. George Willis Cooke. 
Outlook. 74:17-29. May 2, '03. Concord and Emerson. 

Hamilton W. Mabie. 
St. Nicholas. 40:499-507. Apr. '13. Louisa M. Alcott's 

great friend and neighbor. Ariadne Gilbert. 

2. Emerson the Poet. 

He was the singer of the upward march of nature 
and the onward march of man. — Charles F. Richard- 
son. 

a His characteristics as a poet. 

b Nature in his poetry. 

c His meditative verse. 

d Readings : The Concord hymn ; The rhodora ; The 
snowstorm. 
Brownell, Burton, Halleck, Long, Richardson and Stedman 
as cited under References are especially good on Emer- 
son the poet. 



30 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

Recommended Reading 

The American scholar. In Carpenter. American prose selec- 
tions, p. 194-8 (extract). 

This grand oration was our intellectual Declaration of in- 
dependence. — Oliver Wendell Holmes. 

"In it nearly all of Emerson's leading ideas found ex- 
pression." 
Nature. In Carpenter. American prose selections, p. 208-12 (ex- 
tract). 

It is a key to the spiritual meaning of nature which can 
be turned only, by the imagination: it is a poet's gospel in 
eight chapters. — Hamilton W. Mabie. 
Self-reliance. In Carpenter. American prose selections, p. 198- 
203 (extract) 

One of his most typical essays. — Reuben Post Halleck. 
Concord hymn. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 312-3. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 154. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 100. 

The most familiar of all his song. — Richard Burton. 
The humble bee. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 313-4. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 92-3. 

"Full of nature lore." 
The problem. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 315-6. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 154-7. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 91-2. 

The immanence of God in everything ... is well ex- 
pressed in "The problem." — Reuben Post Halleck. 
The rhodora. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 310. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 158. 

Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 142. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 92. 

Full of a quaint, touching simplicity. — Richard Burton. 
The snow storm. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 324-5. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 159-60. 

Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 157-8. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 93. 

A splendid winter picture. — Richard Burton. 

References 

Brownell. American prose masters, p. 133-204 (Same. Scrib- 

ner's Magazine. 46:608-24. Nov. '09). 
Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 135-63. 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 178-93. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 3 1 

Holmes. Ralph Waldo Emerson. 

Long. American literature, p. 318-37. 

Macy. Spirit of American literature, p. 45-76. 

Pattee. History of American literature, p. 208-20. 

Richardson. American literature, v. 1, p. 330-70; v. 2, p. 137-71. 

Simonds. History of American literature, p. 157-77. 

Stedman. Poets of America, p. 133-79. 

Trent. History of American literature, p. 323-36. 

Vincent. American literary masters, p. 147-86. 

Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 311-27. 

Arena. 34:31-8. July '05. Charm of Emerson. J. R. Mosley. 

Arena. 39:538-44. May '08. Emerson as writer and man. J. T. 
Bixby. 

Arena. 39:665-74. June '08. Emerson's message. J. T. Bixby. 

Atlantic. 91 : 844-55. June '03. Emerson as seer. Charles W. 
Eliot. 

Atlantic. 94 : 740-5. Dec. '04. Emerson. Henry James, sen. 

Bookman. 17:421-5. June '03. Ralph Waldo Emerson. William 
P. Trent. 

Century. 66: 156-8. May '03. Our inheritance in Emerson. 

Critic. 42:404-44. May '03. (An Emerson number.) 

Critic. 43 : 212-6. Sept. '03. Emerson. Joseph H. Choate. 

Harper's Magazine. 106:903-8. May '03. Emerson in 1903. Ham- 
ilton W. Mabie. 

Living Age. 229:208-20. Apr. 27, '01. Emerson. Leslie Stephen. 

Living. Age. 231:455-8. Nov. 16, '01. Secret of Emerson. Rich- 
ard Garnett. 

North American Review. 176:675-87. May '03. Emerson. W. 
Robertson Nicoll. 

Scribner's Magazine. 46 : 608-24. Nov. '09. Emerson. W. C. 
Brownell. 



32 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

X 

Ralph Waldo Emerson (Continued) 

i. Emerson the Essayist. 

Emerson's essays are the most important word 
done in prose [in the nineteenth century]. — Matthew 
Arnold. 

a His characteristics as an essayist. 
b His style. 

c His stimulating quality. 
d His principal essays with comments. 
e Reading: ''Nature" (extract) ; or "Self-reliance" 
(extract). 

Chautauquan. 30:628-33. Mar. '00. Emerson's "Self-reli- 
ance." Fred. Lewis Pattee. 

New England Magazine, n. s. 32:215-9. Apr. '05. Nature 
in Emerson's essays. Mary Grove Chawner. 

2. Emerson the Philosopher. 

He is the modern Plato and the New England 
Socrates. — /. R. Mosley. 

a His message. 
b His individualism. 
c His influence. 
d Reading: "The American scholar" (extract). 

Atlantic. 91 : 577-87. May '03. Emerson as a religious in- 
fluence. George A. Gordon. 

Bookman. 17:300-2. May '03. Emerson the individualist. 
Benjamin De Casseres. 

Educational Review. 26 : 457-63. Dec. '03. Emerson's influ- 
ence in education. Michael E. Sadler. 

Outlook. 68:407-10. June 15, '03. Emerson's optimism. 
Joel Benton. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 33 

XI 

John Greenleaf Whittier, 1807-1892 

• Taken for all in all, Whittier our bard and prophet 
best-beloved, that purely American minstrel so virginal 
and so impassioned, at once the man of peace and the 
poet militant, is the Sir Galahad of American song. — Ed- 
mund Clarence Stedman. 

1. Whittier the Man. 

a His early life and education. 

b His religion and its influence on his work. 

c His character and its reflection in his writings. 

d Influence of Burns on Whittier. 

e His career as a journalist and editor. 

Arena. 16:406-17. Aug. '96. Whittier the man. B. O. 
Flower. 

2. Whittier the Poet. 

a Whittier as a poet of nature with illustrations from 
his poems. 

b Whittier as a religious poet with a selection from 
"The eternal goodness." 

c Whittier as the poet of the antislavery movement 
with the reading of "Ichabod." 

d Whittier as the poet of New England giving espe- 
cial attention to "Snow-bound." 

e Whittier as a ballad singer and legendary poet. 

/ His reputation. 

Arena. 16:106-23. June '96. Prophet of freedom. B. O. 
Flower. 

Bookman. 38:481-9. Jan. '14. New pilgrim in Whittier- 
land. Ruth K. Wood. 

Chautauquan. 31 : 617-20. Sept. '00. Intensive study of lyric 
poetry. Benjamin A. Heydrick. 

Current Literature. 44 : 49-50. Jan. '08. Present ranking of 
Whittier. 

Putnam's Magazine. 3 : 274-80. Dec. '07. Whittier ; an ap- 
preciation. H. W. Boynton. 

Reader. 5 : 369-72. Feb. '05. Place of Whittier among poets. 
Thomas W. Higginson. 



34 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

Recommended Reading 

Barbara Frietchie. In Bronson. American poems, p. 350-2. 

_ Perhaps the most popular ballad of the war. — Leon H. 
Vincent. 
The barefoot boy. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 341-4. 
Stedman. American anthology.^ p. 130-1. 
In his revelation of humble and rustic types ... he is al- 
most the equal of Burns or Wordsworth. — Lane Cooper. 
The eternal goodness. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 373-5. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 233-6. 
Stedman. American anthology, p. 135-6. 
No other American poem has ever touched with its mes- 
sage of trustfulness the hearts of devout Christians more uni- 
versally. — William E. Simonds. 
Ichabod. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 332-3. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 236-7. 
Stedman. American anthology, p. 129-30. 
Ichabod is one of the most withering blasts that ever leaped 
from the indignant brain of an aroused poet. — B. O. Flower. 
In school-days. 

In Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 238-9. 
Stedman. American anthology, p. 139. 
"A universal favorite." 

Laus Deo. In Richardson. American literature, v. 1, p. 250. 

A song destined to live so long as our language endures. — 
B. O. Flow.er. 

Maud Muller. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 337-41. 
Stedman. American anthology, p. 131-3. 
It went at once to the hearts of the people . . . and has 
retained its place there. — George R. Carpenter. 

Skipper Ireson's ride. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 344-6. 
Stedman. American anthology, p. 133-4. 
A real ballad, strong of the soil, born of familiar acquaint- 
ance. — George R. Carpenter. 
Snow-bound. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 354-72. 
Stedman. American anthology, p. 137-9. 
The picture is simply final in its perfection without and 
within. — William Lyon Phelps. 

The most faithful picture of our northern winter that has 
yet been put into poetry. — John Burroughs. 
Telling the bees. In Bronson. American poems, p. 346-8. 

A perfect example of Whittier's art. — Leon H. Vincent. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 35 

References 
Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 221-40. 
Carpenter. John Greenleaf Whittier. 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 234-44. 
Long. American literature, p. 301-18. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 333-44. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 173-86. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 234-53. 
Stedman. Poets of America, p. 95-132. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 408-19. 
Vincent. American literary masters, p. 255-83. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 358-69. 

Arena. 15 : 965-80. May '96. Barefoot boy who was also a 
dreamer. B. 0. Flower. 

Arena. 16 : 543-52. Sept. '96. Whittier : a modern apostle of lofty 
spirituality. B. O. Flower. 

Atlantic. 70 : 642-8. Nov. '92. John Greenleaf Whittier. George 
E. Woodberry. 

Atlantic. 74 : 693-700. Nov. '94. Whittier's life and poetry. 

Atlantic. 100:851-9. Dec. '07. Whittier for to-day. Bliss Perry. 

Century. 45 : 363-8. Jan. '93. Whittier. Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. 

Chautauquan. 16 : 299-306. Dec. '92. Whittier. John Vance 
Cheney. 

Chautauquan. 30 : 194-8. Nov. '99. Inner life of Whittier. Mrs. 
James T. Fields. 

Fortnightly Review. 89: 137-47. Jan. '08; Same. Living Age. 256: 
287-95. Feb. 1, '08. John Greenleaf Whittier. Francis Gribble. 

Harper's Magazine. 86:338-59. Feb. '93. Whittier; notes of his 
life and of his friendships. Annie Fields. 

North American Review. 186 : 602-6. Dec. '07. Whittier. Wil- 
liam Lyon Phelps. 

Westminster Review. 169 : 78-92. Jan. '08. John Greenleaf Whit- 
tier. Ernest D. Lee. 



36 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

XII 

Henry Wads worth Longfellow, i 807-1882 



The St. John of our American apostles of song. — 
Charles F. Richardson. 

His life and works together were an edifice fairly 
built — the House Beautiful, whose air is peace, where re- 
pose and calm are ministrant. — Edmund Clarence Sted- 



1. Longfellow the Man and His Work. 
a Sketch of his life. 

b His personality and its effect on his work. 
c Art of Longfellow. 
d His chief characteristics. 
e His prose writings. 
/ His translations. 
g Longfellow as the children's poet. 
h His other poems. 
i His popularity and influence. 

j Readings : "The skeleton in armor" ; "The building 
of the ship" (extract). 

Century. 31 : 884-93. Apr. '86. Longfellow in social life. 

Annie Fields. 
Century. 73 : 647-57. Alar. '07. Early homes of Longfellow. 

Stephen Cammett. 

2. Longfellow the Poet of American History. 
a "The song of Hiawatha." 

b Longfellow's service to the American Indians. 

c Place of "Hiawatha" in American poetry. 

d Story of "Evangeline." 

e Its historical setting and local color. 

/ Reasons for its popularity. 

g Longfellow's other American historical poems. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 3/ 

h Readings : Selections from "Evangeline" and "Hia- 
watha." 

Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 70-87. 

Stedman. Poets of America, p. 195-203. 

Atlantic. 99 : 202-13. Feb. '07. Evangeline and the real Aca- 
dians. Archibald MacMechan. 

Chautauquan. 30:415-20. Jan. '00. Longfellow's "Evange- 
line." 

Recommended Reading 

The building of the ship. In Stedman. American anthology, p. 
119 (extract). 

A magnificent appeal to American patriotism. — William J. 
Long. 
Evangeline. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 243-83. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 116-9 (extract). 

Thus far the flower of American idyls. . . . His own fa- 
vorite, of which he justly might be fond, since his people loved 
it with him, and him always for its sake. — Edmund Clarence 
Stedman. 
The psalm of life. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 231-2. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 112. 

Longfellow never wrote anything more deeply sincere. — 
Barrett Wendell. 
The skeleton in armor. In Stedman. American anthology, p. 
1 12-4. 

It is full of the true Viking dash and fire. — Fred Lewis 
Pattee. 
The song of Hiawatha. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 285-301 (extract). 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 119-20 (extract). 

The greatest achievement of Longfellow, ... a semi-epic 
about a race, and not from it ; yet ... it is to be ranked 
with "Beowulf" or "The song of Roland." . . . These leg- 
ends of prairie-land belong to the great story-book of the 
world. ... In "Hiawatha" we wander amid woodland shad- 
ows, with the far high clouds above us and the black American 
rivers at our feet. The smell of pine needles is in the air, 
and the whirr of the partridge or the liquid song of the 
thrush occasionally falls upon the ear. — Charles F. Richardson. 
The wreck of the Hesperus. In Bronson. American poems, p. 
233-6. 

Longfellow knew how to tell a story which preserved the 
simplicity and vigor of the old ballad makers. — Reuben Post 
Halleck. 



38 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

References 
Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 183-203. 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 222-33. 
Higginson. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. 
Long. American literature, p. 284-301. 
Macy. Spirit of American literature, p. 97-110. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 259-73. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 1, p. 397-402 ; v. 2, p. 50-96. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 217-34. 
Stedman. Poets of America, p. 180-224. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 395-408. 
Vincent. American literary masters, p. 221-51. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 378-92. 

Atlantic. 59 : 398-409. Mar. '87. Longfellow's art. H. E. Scudder. 

Atlantic. 99 : 379-88. Mar. '07. Centenary of Longfellow. Bliss 
Perry. 

Chautauquan. 13:618-22. Aug. '91. Study of Longfellow. John 
Vance Cheney. 

Current Literature. 42 : 285-7. Mar. '07. Longfellow : our Ameri- 
can laureate. 

Living Age. 156:296-305. Feb. 3, '83. Study of Longfellow. 
Henry Norman. 

New England Magazine, n. s. 23 : 707-14. Feb. '01. Longfellow's 
poetry of America. 

North American Review. 178:438-41. Mar. '04. Poetry and poets 
of America. John Churton Collins. 

North American Review. 184 : 472-85. Mar. 1, '07. Art of Longfel- 
low. William D. Howells. 

Outlook. 85 : 345-8. Feb. 16, '07. Longfellow centennial. 

Outlook. 85 : 355-9- Feb. 16, '07. Longfellow's conquest of Eng- 
land. Sir Henry Mortimer Durand. 

Outlook. 92: 512-4. June 26, '09. Longfellow the poet. Hamilton 
W. Mabie. 

Reader. 6: 110-15. June, '05. Longfellow. Bliss Carman. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 39 

XIII 

Oliver Wendell Holmes, 1809-1894 

As a wit) no writer of English, unless it be Lowell, at 
this day vies with him. — Edmund Clarence Stedman. 

[. Holmes the Man and Poet. 

a His ancestry and education. 

b His life career. 

c His characteristics as seen in his writings. 

d His versatility. 

e His poetry and his poetic style. 

f Readings : 'The chambered nautilus" ; "The last 
leaf." 

2. Holmes the Prose Writer. 
a The Autocrat series. 
b His prose style. 

c Holmes as an epigrammatist and proverb maker. 
d Holmes as a humorist. 
e Holmes as a novelist. 

/ Holmes as a biographer. 

Atlantic. 104 : 237-44. Aug. '09. The Autocrat and his fel- 
low-boarders. Samuel M. Crothers. 

Living Age. 263 : 99-103. Oct. 9, '09. Oliver Wendell 
Holmes. 

Recommended Reading 

The Autocrat of the breakfast table. 

"The Autocrat of the breakfast-table" was a genuinely 
Yankee book — New Englandism at its best. ... In practical 
sense, in alertness of thought, in neatness of phrase, in quaint 
mixture of earthly shrewdness and starry ideality, the words 
and ways of the breakfast-table of which the Autocrat is the 
head, represent the Massachusetts founded by the Puritans and 
Pilgrims, freed by Samuel Adams and his fellows, mitigated 
by Channina: and nationalized by Webster and Everett. — 
Charles F. Richardson. 



40 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

The chambered nautilus. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 381-2. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 214-5. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 158. 

A downright masterpiece. — Charles F. Richardson. 
The deacon's masterpiece, or, The wonderful one-hoss shay. In 
Bronson. American poems, p. 382-5. 

"A poem that may stand by itself as the best and most 
charming expression of American humor." 
The last leaf. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 377-8. 

Burton. American literary leaders, p. 212-3. 

Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 214-6. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 154. 

Inexpressibly touching. — Abraham Lincoln. 

Is there in all literature a lyric in which drollery, passing 
nigh unto ridicule yet stopping short of it, and sentiment be- 
coming pathos yet not too profound, are so exquisitely inter- 
mingled? — John T. Morse, jr. 
Old Ironsides. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 375-6. 

Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 204-5. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 153-4. 

The most spirited of naval lyrics. — William Cullen Bryant. 

References 
Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 204-20. 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 258-65. 
Long. American literature, p. 351-88. 
Morse. Oliver Wendell Holmes. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 274-87. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 1, p. 372-9; v. 2, p. 204-18. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 267-78. 
Stedman. Poets of America, p. 273-303. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 419-28. 
Vincent. American literary masters, p. 337-55. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 407-24. 

Atlantic. 74:831-4. Dec. '94. Dr. Holmes. 

Century. 49:505-16. Feb. '95. Personal recollections and unpub- 
lished letters. Annie Fields. 

Edinburgh Review. 211:414-34. Apr. '10. Oliver Wendell 
Holmes : a centenary study. 

Forum. 18 : 279-87. Nov. '94. Oliver Wendell Holmes. John W. 
Chadwick. 

Harper's Magazine. 94 : 120-34. Dec. '96. Oliver Wendell 
Holmes. William Dean Howells. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 4 1 

Living Age. 210 : 259-69. Aug. 1, '96. Oliver Wendell Holmes. 

Leslie Stephen. 
North American Review. 190:178-93. Aug. '09. Oliver Wendell 

Holmes. W G. Ballantine. 
Outlook. 92 : 968-71. Aug. 28, '09. Oliver Wendell Holmes. 
Reader. 5 : 778-82. May '05. Oliver Wendell Holmes. Richard 

Burton. 



42 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

XIV 

Henry David Thoreau, 1817-1862 

My profession is always to be on the alert, to find 
God in nature, to know His lurking places, to attend all 
the oratorios, the operas in nature. — Henry David 
Thoreau. 

1. Thoreau the Man. 

a His ancestry and education. 

b His life career. 

c His character, eccentricities, and originality. 

d His philosophy. 

e His life at Walden pond. 

Critic. 40 : 509-16. June '02. Where Thoreau worked and 
wandered. Annie Russell Marble. 

2. Thoreau the Writer and Naturalist. 

He was . . . the faithful chronicler of the woods, 
streams, fields, and skies of his world, that is to say of 
the town of his birth. ... It may be questioned 
whether another naturalist of the time has better por- 
trayed a part of her [nature's] breadth and depth, her 
greatness and littleness, and her deep philosophy. — 
Charles F. Richardson. 

a Thoreau and nature. 

b His style. 

c Reason for his growing popularity. 

d Discussion of "Walden." 

e His other writings. 

/ Reading: Selection from "Walden." 
Atlantic. 84 : 706-10. Nov. '99. Thoreau's attitude toward 

nature. Bradford Torrey. 
Atlantic. 102 : 242-50. Aug. '08. Thoreau's "Maine woods." 

Fanny Hardy Eckstorm. 

Recommended Reading 

Walden. In Carpenter. American prose selections, p. 348-57 
(extracts). 

"One of the few books in American literature that repay 
frequent readings." 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 43 

Thoreau's best book. It is full of the wild aroma of the 
woods. In no other book can one come so close to nature's 
heart. . . . For minute and loving descriptions of the woods 
and fields, "Walden" had no rival. — Fred Lewis Pattee. 

References 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 194-203. 
Long. American literature, p. 416-25. 
Macy. Spirit of American literature, p. 171-88. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 221-7. 
Pattee. History of American literature since 1870. p. 137-44. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 1, p. 385-95. 
Salt. Life of Henry David Thoreau. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 177-82. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 337-46. 
Vincent. American literary masters, p. 321-33. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 332-7. 

Arena. 30 : 489-98. Nov. '03. Henry Thoreau — an estimate. Wal- 
ter Leighton. 

Atlantic. 10 : 239-49. Aug. '62. Thoreau. Ralph Waldo Emerson. 

Atlantic. 87:857-64. June '01. A hermit's notes on Thoreau. 
Paul Elmer More. 

Atlantic. 95:5-18. Jan. '05. Thoreau as a diarist. Bradford 
Torrey. 

Critic. 37 : 60-7. July '00. Thoreau. Frederick M. Smith. 

Cuirent Literature. 39:510-12. Nov. '05. Diary of a poet nat- 
uralist. 

Dial. 28:241-3. Apr. 1, '00. Thoreau as a humorist. George 
Beardsley. 

Edinburgh Review. 208 : 343-66. Oct. '08. Thoreau, Burroughs, 
Whitman. 

Fortnightly Review. 89:994-1004. June '08; Same. Living Age. 
258: 131-9. July 18, '08. Thoreau in twenty volumes. Henry 
S. Salt. 

Living Age. 146:179-90. July 17, '80. Henry David Thoreau: 
his character and opinions. Robert Louis Stevenson. 

Outlook. 63:815-21. Dec. 2, '99. Reminiscences of Thoreau. 

Outlook. 80 : 278-82. June 3, '05. Thoreau, a prophet of nature. 
Hamilton W. Mabie. 

Reader. 5 : 372-6. Feb. '05. Henry David Thoreau. Will D. Howe. 

Scribner's Magazine. 33 : 430-7. Apr. '03. Books about nature. 
Henry Childs Merwin. 



44 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

XV 

James Russell Lowell, 1819-1891 

James Russell Lowell is our greatest man of letters, 
in the special sense of that term. His literary sense was 
a constituent part of all his thinking and feeling, adding 
to everything that he wrote an artistic quality without in 
the least diminishing the impression of earnestness and 
sincerity. A charming letter-writer ; one of the few liter- 
ary critics whose criticisms are themselves literature ; a 
wise publicist, touching political problems with large 
sanity and a noble idealism; a vigorous humorist and sat- 
irist; an exponent of the best American traditions and of 
the best English culture; a poet in whose pages are 
gleams of a poetic gift perhaps richer than can be found 
elsewhere in our literature; he stands quite unrivalled 
among American authors for combined excellence and 
versatility of production. — Walter C. Bronson. 

i. Lowell the Man. 

Scholar, teacher, editor, wit, diplomat — he did 
many things and did them conspicuously well. — 
Richard Burton. 

a His ancestry, education and culture. 

b His character and personality. 

c His versatility. 

d Lowell the professor. 

e Lowell the editor. 

f Lowell the diplomat. 

g Lowell the letter-writer. 

2. Lowell the Essayist and Critic. 

Lowell is a most suggestive essayist. He sets us 
a-thinking ... he puts in motion the intellect of oth- 
ers. — Edmund Clarence Stedman. 

The most distinctive critic in the United States. — 
Richard Burton. 

a Lowell as a scholar. 

b Lowell as a master essayist. 

c His style. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 45 

d Lowell as a critic. 

Richardson. American literature, v. I, p. 409-25. 

Stedman. Poets of America, p. 326-38. 

Scribner's Magazine. 10:645-9. Nov. '91. Lowell as a 
teacher. 

Scribner's Magazine. 28 : 363-78. Sept. '00. Personal retro- 
spect of Lowell. William D. Howells. 

Recommended Reading 

The Bigelow papers. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 394-401 (extract). 
Stedman. American anthology, p. 205-9 (extract). 
They are a master-work, in which his ripe genius fastened 
the spirit of its region and period. . . . "The Bigelow pa- 
pers" were the first, and are the best, metrical presentation ot 
Yankee character in its thought, dialect, manners, and singu- 
lar mixture of coarseness and shrewdness with the fundamen- 
tal sense of beauty and right. — Edmund Clarence Stedman. 
The courtin' (from The Bigelow papers). 
In Bronson. American poems, p. 424-6. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 248-50. 
Stedman. American anthology, p. 207-8. 
One of the most beautifully natural love episodes in all 
English poetry. — Brander Matthews. 
Fable for critics. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 409-10 (extract). 
Stedman. American anthology, p. 205 (extract). 
It is a proof of Lowell's excellence of judgment and of his 
independence of attitude, that the opinions he expressed about 
the leading American authors of that time coincide closely 
with that on which the best criticism is now agreed fifty years 
later. — Brander Matthews. 
The first snowfall. In Stedman. American anthology, p. 215. 
An exquisite lyric of nature and sentiment. — Reuben Post 
Halle ck. 
Ode recited at the Harvard commemoration. 
In Bronson. American poems, p. 427-36. 
Stedman. American anthology, p. 209-15. 
_ This great chant still marks high water for American pa- 
triotic poetry. It is for us what Tennyson's Duke of Wel- 
lington ode is for England. — Richard Burton. 
To the dandelion. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 392-4. 

Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 259-60. 
The poem which shows the finest sense of the poetry of 
nature. — Edmund Clarence Stedman. 
The vision of Sir Launfal. 

In Bronson. American poems, p. 410-19. 

Stedman. American anthology, p. 204-5 (extract). 
The most popular and one of the most brilliant of the 
poet's compositions. — William E. Simonds. 



46 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

Dante. In Lowell. Among my books, 2nd series. 

"A monumental essay." 
Democracy. In Lowell. Democracy and other papers. 

Should be read by every citizen. — Reuben Post Halleck. 
A good word for winter. In Lowell. My study windows. 

Written out of himself not out of books. — Ferris Greenslet. 
My garden acquaintance. In Lowell. My study windows. 

An outdoor study that would have delighted the man of 
Selbourne. — Edmund Clarence Stedman. 
On a certain condescension in foreigners. In Lowell. My study 
windows. 

An undying piece of American 4 literature. — Richard Burton. 

References 

Brownell. American prose masters, p. 271-335. (Same. Scrib- 

ner's Magazine. 41:220-35. Feb. '07.) 
Burton. Literary leaders of America, p. 241-63. 
Greenslet. James Russell Lowell. 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 245-57. 
Long. American literature, p. 338-51. 
Macy. Spirit of American literature, p. 189-209. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 288-301. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 1, p. 409-25 ; v. 2, p. 186- 

204. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 253-67. 
Stedman. Poets of America, p. 304-48. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 429-52. 
Vincent. American literary masters, p. 453-82. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 393-406. 

Century. 43:113-8. Nov. '91. James Russell Lowell. George E. 

Woodberry. 
Fortnightly Review. 56:310-24. Sept. '91; Same. Living Age. 

191 : 195-204. Oct. '91. Lowell in his poetry. Sidney Low. 
Forum. 12:141-52. Oct. '91. English estimate of Lowell. Fred- 
eric William Farrar. 
Harper's Magazine. 86 : 846-57. May '93. James Russell Lowell. 

Charles Eliot Norton. 
Living Age. 234:641-54. Sept. 13, '02. James Russell Lowell. 
North American Review. 153:460-7. Oct. '91. James Russell 

Lowell. Richard Henry Stoddard. 
Reader. 6: 233-6. July '05. James Russell Lowell. Edward 

Everett Hale, jr. 
Review of Reviews. 4:287-310. Oct. '91. James Russell Lowell: 

a composite character sketch. 
Scribner's Magazine. 41 : 220-35. Feb. '07. Lowell. W. C. 

Brownell. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 47 

XVI 

James Russell Lowell (Continued) 

Lowell the Poet. 

The charm of Lowell's outdoor verse lies in its 
spontaneity: he loves nature with a child-like joy, her 
boon companion . . . and he beguiles you and me to 
share his joy. — Edmund Clarence Stedman. 

a His poetic art. 
b Nature in his poetry. 
c His place as a poet. 
d His principal poems. 

e Readings : 'To the dandelion" ; "The first snow- 
fall" ; "The vision of Sir Launfal" (extract). 



2. Lowell the Humorist and Poet of Freedom. 

Under all of Lowell's culture and learning there 
lurked the droll, cute, Yankee — practical, opinionated, 
and withal intensely free. — Fred Lezvis Pattee. 
a Lowell as a humorist. 
b Lowell as a poet of freedom. 
c "The Bigelow papers," with selections from "The 

courtin' " and "What Mr. Robinson thinks." 
d The "Fable for critics." 

e The "Harvard commemoration ode" with a selec- 
tion. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 2, p. 186-204. 
Stedman. Poets of America, p. 304-48. 
Arena. 31:262-71. Mar. '04. Poet of freedom. Thomas 

Elmer Will. 
Arena. 41 : 309-17. Mar. '09. James Russell Lowell as a 
poet of freedom and human rights. B. O. Flower. 



48 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

XVII 

Historians 

Since the opening of the new era in historical com- 
position no nation has produced a more brilliant school 
of historians than our own. — Fred Lewis Pattee. 

I. Francis Parkman, 1823-1893. 

He has done his work with such thoroughness and 
minuteness of research, and with such impartiality and 
accuracy of judgment, that it will never require doing 
over again for many years to come, if ever. His 
search has not passed by any material of value known 
to exist; all the ore in sight has been mined and the 
veins are exhausted. . , . He has made his sketch on 
the spot and from nature, precisely as a painter would 
do it, and with the same fidelity to detail that a painter 
would study. A similar method and effect are dis- 
cernible in all his descriptions of character. — Henry C. 
Vedder. 

a Parkman's life work and his preparation for it. 

b His handicaps. 

c His methods of work. 

d His accuracy. 

e His style. 

/ His histories. 

g Reading: Selection from "The Oregon trail." 

Recommended Reading 

The Oregon trail. In Carpenter. American prose selections, p. 
437~4<> (extract). 

It is one of the very best books of outdoor adventure ever 
written and one of the most valuable. — Brander Matthews. 

In its realistic pictures of mountain and forest and virgin 
prairies, of winding pack trains and frontier outposts, of mot- 
ley Indian tribes shifting their picturesque camps to be in 
range of the wandering buffalo herds — in all this it is a veri- 
table re-creation of life in the West, as it was before the tide 
of settlers rolled over the Mississippi. — William J. Long. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 49 

References 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 270-3. 
Long. American literature, p. 429-39. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 318-23. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 1, p. 482-94. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 283-5. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 553-8. 
Vedder. American writers of to-day. p. 27-42. 
Vincent. American literary masters, p. 379-98. 

Atlantic. 34 : 602-10. Nov. '74- Parkman's histories. William D. 
Howells. 

Atlantic. 73 : 660-4. May '94. Francis Parkman. Justin Winsor. 

Atlantic. 73 : 664-74. May '94. Francis Parkman. John Fiske. 

Century. 45 : 44-5. Nov. '92. Francis Parkman. James Russell 
Lowell. 

Century. 45 : 46. Nov. '92. Completion of Parkman's work. Ed- 
ward Eggleston. 

Contemporary Review. 53 : 642-60. May '88 ; Same. Living Age. 
x 77 "- 579 - 9°- June 9, '88. Francis Parkman. F. H. Underwood. 

Critic. 23 : 322-3. Nov. 18, '93. Francis Parkman. Jeanette B. 
Gilder. 

Living Age. 201 : 259-68. May 5, '94. Francis Parkman. A. E. 
Bradley. 

2. John Lothrop Motley, 1 814- 1877. 

There has never been any doubt as to the bril- 
liancy, the thoroughness, the dramatic interest, the 
liberal enthusiasm of Motley's volumes. . . . He has 
practically all the resources of his art at his command 
— he can narrate an incident, describe a spectacle, an- 
alyze an intrigue, exalt a hero, and unmask a villain 
with a skill rarely surpassed or equalled. — William P. 
Trent. 

a Motley as a writer. 
b His histories. 

c His characteristics as a historian. 
d Reading: Selection from "The rise of the Dutch 
Republic." 

Recommended Reading 

The rise of the Dutch Republic. In Carpenter. American prose 
selections, p. 326-37 (extracts). 



50 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

As interesting as fiction, as eloquent as the best oratory, 
they [his histories] are as trustworthy as accuracy and faith- 
ful industry could make them . . . Motley's portraiture of 
William the Silent is one of the great delineations of history. 
— Charles F. Richardson. 

References 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 267-9. 
Long. American literature, p. 426-9. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 314-8. 
Richardson. American literature, v. 1, p. 502-7. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 281-3. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 549-53. 
Vincent. American literary masters, p. 359-76. 

Book Buyer. 21 : 41-4. Aug. '00. John Lothrop Motley. Lindsay 
Swift. 

Nation. 98:425-7. Apr. 16, '14. Centenary of the historian Mot- 
ley. John T. Morse, jr. 

Scribner's Magazine. 53 : 724-8. June '13. Some early memories. 
Henry Cabot Lodge. 

3. William Hickling Prescott, 1796-1859. 

His chief ability lay in scenic portrayal. But he 
portrayed the whole scene, and in colors not soon to 
fade or to be forgotten. His view was broad enough 
to include the whole time chosen and all the events. — 
Charles F. Richardson. 

He makes you realize that the life and death of 
nations, with the extraordinary changes which have 
occurred in the world, are more marvelous than any 
imaginary tale. . . . Though they [his stories] are 
true, they are more full of romance and adventure than 
any wild west or wild east yarn that ever was spun by 
a teller of tales. — Hildegarde Hazt'thome. 

a Prescott the man. 
b Prescott as a writer. 
c His histories. 

d Reading: Selection from "The conquest of Mex- 
ico." 

Recommended Reading 

The History of the conquest of Mexico. In Carpenter. American 
prose selections, p. 175-80 (extract). 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 51 

The "Conquest of Mexico" is probably his most striking 
book from the point of view of literary excellence. — William P. 
Trent. 

There is a charm about Prescott's literary style that is in- 
describable. . . . Under his magical touch the thrilling events 
of the conquest and the wonderful tropical scenes through 
which the adventurers passed became realities. — IV. IV. Gist. 

References 
Halleck. History of American literature, p. 266-7. 
Pattee. History of American literature, p. 306-10. 
Richardson. American literature, v. I, p. 494-501. 
Simonds. History of American literature, p. 280-1. 
Trent. History of American literature, p. 546-9. 
Vincent. American literary masters, p. 123-43. 
Wendell. Literary history of America, p. 269-71. 

Atlantic. 93 : 320-37. Mar. '04. Prescott the man. Rollo Ogden. 

Chautauquan. 10 : 576-9. Feb. '90. William Hickling Prescott. 
W. W. Gist. 

St. Nicholas. 39:649-51. May '12. Stories of two vanished na- 
tions. Hildegarde Hawthorne. 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Bigelow, John. William Cullen Bryant. (American 
men of letters.) Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1893. 

*$1.2 5 . 

"The book is -written with care by a sincere admirer, and 
gives in compact form the principal points in a notable life." — 
Oliver F. Emerson. 

Brownell, William C. American prose masters. 
Scribner, N. Y., 1909. *$i-50. 

The author's criticism "is seriously concerned in discover- 
ing what is significant, what has contributed to the great suc- 
cess and what is ephemeral, what is vital and upholds the 
tenets of the faith — in fine, in clarifying the discussion of his 
subject from the traditions both of ill-judged enthusiasm and 
prejudice." 

Brownson, Walter C, ed. American poems, 1625-1892. 
University of Chicago Press, Chicago [1912]. *$i-5o. 

"A good collection not only for schools and colleges but 
for general readers." — A. L. A. Booklist. 

Burton, Richard. Literary leaders of America ; a class 
book on American literature. Scribner, N. Y., 1909. 
*$i.oo. 

Published in 1903 in the "Chautauqua home reading series." 
Dr. Burton is a very entertaining and thoroughly enjoy- 
able writer who believes in a first-hand acquaintance with an 
author. He devotes a chapter each to the prominent "literary 
leaders" of the pre-Civil war period, and gives representative 
selections illustrating the author's style and characteristics. 

Canby, Henry Seidel. Short story in English. Henry 
Holt and Co., N. Y., 1909. *$i.6o. 

"A historical and critical study of the short story as a 
distinct type of literature." — Book Review Digest. 

Carpenter, George Rice, ed. American prose selections. 
Macmillan, N. Y. [1898]. *$i.oo. 
An exceedingly good collection. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 53 

Carpenter, George Rice. John Greenleaf Whittier. 
(American men of letters.) Houghton Mifflin Co., 
Boston, 1903. *$i.25. 

"The best brief biography." — William E. Simonds. 
The book presents the poet "in the character of a man of 
action as distinctly as a man of letters." The literary criti- 
cism "is pointed as well as brief." 

Erskine, John. Leading American novelists. (Biogra- 
phies of leading Americans.) Henry Holt and Co., 
N. Y., 1910. *$i.75. 

"Each brief life contains in addition to biographical matter 
criticism of the author's novels based upon the best judgment 
of the times." — Book Review Digest. 

Greenslet, Ferris. James Russell Lowell, his life and 
work. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1905. *$i-5o. 
"A good critical and biographical study." — William J. Long. 

Halleck, Reuben Post. History of American literature. 
American Book Co., N. Y. [1911]. *$i.25« 

"A volume which seems to possess all the features which 
have made its author's 'History of English literature' such a 
popular and successful text-book." — Nation. 

The references and suggested readings at the close of each 
chapter add greatly to the value of the book. 

Higginson, Thomas Went worth. Henry Wads worth 
Longfellow. (American men of letters.) Houghton 
Mifflin Co., Boston [1902]. *$i.25. 

"The biography is a model of clearness, simplicity, and 
moderation. ... It is a sincere and faithful portraiture of 
Longfellow." — Outlook. 

Holmes, Oliver Wendell. Ralph Waldo Emerson. 
(American men of letters.) Houghton Mifflin Co., 
Boston, 1885. *$i.25. 

"He presented with singular clearness, and with an epi- 
grammatic genius at white heat . . . what would enable an 
audience to get at the mould of that serene teacher. ... I do 
not recall a more faithful and graphic outside portrait." — 
Edmund Clarence Stedman. 

"He has given us a portrait of Emerson that will be as 
long cherished in the gallery of literary portraits as any that 
may yet be placed there." — Edinburgh Review. 



54 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

Long, William J. American literature. Ginn and Co., 

Boston [1913]- *$i-35- 

"A detailed treatment of every major writer, including a 
biography, an analysis of his chief works, and a critical appre- 
ciation of his place and influence in our national literature; 
. . . [also] a general summary with selections recommended 
for reading, bibliography, texts, suggestive questions, and 
other helps." — Preface. 

"It is something of an event to be confronted with a text- 
book which fairly burns its way into the mind and heart of 
the reader, whether he be pupil or teacher or general reader. 
Such a book is Long's 'American literature.' We feel that 
Mr. Long wrote the book because he must write. . . . He 
had a vision, an inspiration, which he has turned into con- 
crete book form." — Boston Transcript. 

Lounsbury, Thomas Raynesford. James Fenimore 
Cooper. (American men of letters.) Houghton Mif- 
flin Co., Boston, 1900. *$i.25. 

"The life of Cooper has been faithfully recorded by Pro- 
fessor Lounsbury, in the best biography yet devoted to any 
American man of letters." — Brander Matthews. 

McMaster, John Bach. Benjamin Franklin. (Ameri- 
can men of letters.) Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 
1895. *$i-25. 

"Prof. McMaster has not erred in making a biographical 
study in which the writings come in for no more than their 
due and proportional recognition. . . . The Franklin whom 
Mr. McMaster has constructed ... is very real." — Nation. 

Macy, John Albert. Spirit of American literature. 
Doubleday, Page & Co., Garden City, N. Y., 191 3. 
*$i. 5 o. 

"The author's independence of thought and standard of 
selection will provoke criticism, but his style is original and 
stimulating, his common sense evident. ... It will be a use- 
ful addition to books in American literature used by readers 
of high school education." — A. L. A. Booklist. 

Mr. Macy gives a brief biographical note and a list of the 
author's works at the close of each chapter. 

Morse, John T. Life and letters of Oliver Wendell 
Holmes. 2v. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1896. $4. 
The standard biography. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 5 S 

Pattee, Fred Lewis. History of American literature. 
Silver, Burdette & Co., N. Y. [1896]. *$i.20. 

"The author has endeavored to follow the development of 
the American spirit and of American thought under the 
agencies of race, environment, epoch, and personality. . . . As 
far as possible he has made the authors speak for themselves, 
and he has supplemented his own estimates by frequent criti- 
cisms from the highest authorities." — Preface. 

Mr. Pattee gives a sketch of each author's life, with com- 
ments on his most notable writings, his style, and his place in 
literature. He also gives a bibliography and suggestions for 
required readings. 

Pattee, Fred Lewis. History of American literature 
since 1870. Century Co., N. Y., 1915. *$2. 

"Its point of view is wide, its reasoning clear, its substance 
inclusive, its style vigorous, and its knowledge and under- 
standing sympathetic. It is just w T hat an historical survey 
should be — calmly, soundly and vivaciously critical. Professor 
Pattee has written a book of exceptional readability. No more 
catholic study of literary progress has come from the press in 
many a day." — Boston Transcript. 

Richardson, Charles F. American literature, 1607- 
1885. (Popular edition.) 2 vol. in 1. Putnam, N. Y., 
1891. $3.50. 

"The standard historian of our literature." — Fred Lewis 
Pattee. 

Salt, Henry Stephen. Life of Henry David Thoreau. 
W. Scott, London, 1896. (Imported by Scribner.) $1. 

"Mr. Salt has done more than any other writer, living or 
dead, to correct the errors that are current concerning Thoreau 
and to enable a just conception of his character to be made. 
.... Mr. Salt's life is singularlv correct." — Samuel A. Jones. 

Simonds, William Edward. Student's history of Ameri- 
can literature. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston [1909]. 
*$i.io. 

"The author . . . has sought not only to interest his read- 
ers in the personal narratives of men and women who have 
created our literature . . . but, through the suggestions for 
study and reading, also to encourage actual acquaintance with 
the works that compose literature." — Preface. 

Mr. Simonds gives a brief bibliography for each author. 



56 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

Stedman, Edmund Clarence. American anthology, 
1787-1900. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1901. $2. 

"Mr. Stedman has collected, with complete knowledge of 
the field, and with all but unerring taste and judgment, the 
choicest flowers of our American verse from more than six 
hundred poets. His American anthology' must remain for 
for many years without a rival." — Curtis Hidden Page. 

Stedman, Edmund Clarence. Poets of America. 
Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1885. $2.25. 

"The student of American poetry must turn with constant 
obligation to the critical aid furnished by Mr. Stedman's vol- 
ume. ... In that volume one recognizes Mr. Stedman's 
breadth and depth of catholic learning, as well as the illu- 
minating power of discriminating utterance possessed by a 
poet who constantly shows how nearly related are the criti- 
cism of art and the criticism of literature. To him all friends 
of American letters must constantly remain in debt." — Charlis 
F. Richardson. 

Trent, William Peterfield. History of American lit- 
erature, 1607-1865. (Short histories of the literature 
of the world.) Appleton & Co., N. Y., 1903. *$i.4o. 

"The book is a competent piece of literary criticism, a fair- 
minded exploitation of our native accomplishment in letters. 
It will worthily represent America in the series for which it 
was prepared." — Richard Burton. 

It contains a good bibliography. 

Trent, William Peterfield, and Hennemann, John 
B. Best American tales. (Handy volume classics.) 
Crowell, N. Y. [1907]. 35c. 

Tales from Irving, Hawthorne, Poe, etc., have been se- 
lected for this addition to the "Handy volume classics." 

Vedder, Henry C. American writers of to-day. Silver, 
Burdette & Co., N. Y. New ed. 1910. *$i.50. 

Mr. Vedder "has tried to read our American authors sym- 
pathetically, intelligently, diligently, and to report as well as 
he is able the results of this reading." — Preface. 

Vincent, Leon H. American literary masters. Hough- 
ton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1906. *$2. 

A conservative work, containing much systematically- 
ordered information, clearly, concisely and definitely stated. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 5" 

Warner, Charles Dudley. Washington Irving. (Ameri- 
can men of letters.) Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 
1901. *$1.25. 

Mr. Warner "has shown a hand as kindly as Irving's own 
in treating of Geoffrey Crayon. . . . He has shown the true 
Irving spirit in the airy humor wholly without sting, the pure 
rollicking touch which belongs to Irving's best novels." — 
George William Curtis. 

Wendell, Barrett. Literary history of America. (Li- 
brary of literary history.) Scribner, N. Y. [1900]. 

$3- 

"The title of the book indicates its design and method. 
These are to sketch the political and social history of a pe- 
riod, especially as affecting the intellectual life of the time, 
and then to coordinate with it the literature, which came into 
being under these conditions." — Nation. 

Woodberry, George E. Edgar Allan Poe. (American 
men of letters.) Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston 
[1885]. *$1.2 5 . 

"The most accurate and impartial life of the poet that has 
yet appeared." — Fred Lewis Pattee. 

Woodberry, George E. Nathaniel Hawthorne. (Ameri- 
can men of letters.) Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston 
[1902]. *$1.25. 

"Mr. Woodberry gives with as much reticence as sincerity 
a fuller record [than Henry James] of events and surround- 
ings, and a literary history of Hawthorne's writings." 



Recommended Texts 

Cooper, James Fenimore. Last of the Mohicans, ed. 
with introduction and notes by Chas. F. Richardson. 
(Longman's English classics.) Longman's, N. Y., 
*30c. 

Pilot, abr., ed. and annot. by George A. Watrous. 



American Book Co., N. Y., 191 1. *40c. 



58 STUDY OUTLINE ON 

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. American scholar, Self-reli- 
ance and Compensation. American Book Co., N. Y., 
191 1. *20C. 

Essays on Manners, Self-reliance, Compensation, 



Nature, Friendship, ed. with notes and introd. by 
Eunice J. Cleveland. (Longman's English classics.) 
Longman's, N. Y., 1915. *25c. 

Franklin, Benjamin. Autobiography. (Everyman's li- 
brary.) Dutton, N. Y. *4oa 

Poor Richard's almanac. (Riverside edition.) 

Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, pa. *i5c 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel. House of seven gables. 
(Everyman's library.) Dutton, N. Y., 191 1. *40c. 

Marble faun, with introd. by Sir Leslie Stephen. 

(Everyman's library.) Dutton, N. Y., 1910. *40c. 

Scarlet letter. (Everyman's library.) Dutton, 



N. Y. *40c. 

Holmes, Oliver Wendell. Autocrat of the breakfast 
table. (Everyman's library.) Dutton, N. Y., 1906. 
*40c. 

Irving, Washington. Knickerbocker's History of New 
York. Crowell, N. Y. 60c. 

Lowell, James Russell. Among my books, 2nd ser. 
(Contents: Dante, Spenser, Wordsworth, Milton, 
Keats.) Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. $2. 

Democracy and other papers. Houghton Mifflin 

Co., Boston, pa. *i5c. 

My study windows. (Contents : My garden acquaint- 
ance, A good word for winter, On a certain condescen- 
sion in foreigners, etc.) Houghton Mifflin Co., Bos- 
ton. $2. 



EARLY AMERICAN LITERATURE 59 

Motley, John Lothrop. Rise of the Dutch Republic. 
(Everyman's library.) Dutton, N. Y., 1909. 3V. each 
*40c. 

Parkman, Francis. Oregon trail, ed. with notes and 
introd. by Ottis B. Sperlin. (Longman's English clas- 
sics.) Longmans, N. Y., 1910. *25c. 

Prescott, William Hickling. Conquest of Mexico. 
(Everyman's library.) Dutton, N. Y., 1909. 2v. each 
*40c. 

Thoreau, Henry David. Walden, ed. with introd. and 
notes by Raymond Macdonald Alden. (Longman's 
English classics.) Longman's, N. Y., 1910. *25c 



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